How Teenage Magazines Express the Post-feminism Culture

Magazines offer many opportunities for teenagers to consider and investigate their sexuality. In particular, sexuality advices and stories in magazines enables teenagers to understand personal sexual issues or problems that they might be having in a healthier light. Post-feminism attitudes have become very popular in teenage magazines for both male and female readers, this is partly because prior to the feminism movement women were never seen as having much sexual desire for men and women generally didn’t feel comfortable expressing their sexual attributes or sexuality. I will be examining three studies in this essay all by the same author ‘Sue Jackson’ involving textual analyses of problem pages, interviews with magazine staff and focus†¦show more content†¦The advice that the counselors give to young girls about not knowing whether or not to have sex is usually answered by romance, structuring sex as special and worth waiting for (â€Å"I’m 15 a nd desperate for sex† 304). They also outline the dangers of sex (STD’s, contraception and pregnancy). A number of letters to advice pages in Girlfriend magazine always show an uncertainty about sex (â€Å"I’m 15 and desperate for sex† 302). Teenagers are very careless about sex and the responsible ones do try to get advice from teenage magazines. Jackson looked at advice pages were young women had expressed their concerns amongst STI screening, transmission of STI’s, pregnancy prevention and condom use (â€Å"Dear Girlfriend† 294). For example, a letter from Girlfriend magazine in â€Å"Dear Girlfriend† states, â€Å"I’ve been going out with this guy for a year and a half. He asked me to have sex with him and I said yes. I’ve done it before, but it was before I started getting my periods. I’m worried that he might not want to use protection (â€Å"Dear Girlfriend† 295). This example portrays that young wom en can become overly embarrassed and upset over the pressure of having sex. They feel mortified asking if the man has a condom before sex as this can break the sexual tension between partners and the mood. The notion of sex as dangerous has been a feature in aShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effect On Society1951 Words   |  8 Pagesand reflects the norms and morals a culture tends to follow. We learn what is expected form our gender identity from many sources- school. parents and also the media. We tend to copy those gender roles attributed to us and as we grow up develop different gender codes. Media provides us ways of imagining particular groups and identities. Stereotyping and representation of groups in the media industry is a very important concept in media. The essay focuses on how media creates meanings about femaleRead MoreA Look At The Music Chart And Itunes Essay3208 Words   |  13 Pagesand iTunes now reveals the problems that post-feminism has triggered in popular music. Most artists represented on the music charts have used their sweet tone, sexual dance moves or provocative outfits to unite the post-feminist movement and represent the truths of sexuality. However, each artist understands the idea of post-feminism in a different light. Taylor Swift’s music doesn’t involve provocative clothing or dance moves, but sends the message of how to overcome being treated badly by men inRead MoreEssay about Riot Grrrl Movement2290 Words   |  10 Pagesunrelated topics. Those topics are feminism and punk rock. These two social movements spawned the love child that has come to be known as the riot grrrl movement. The history of the riot grrrl movement is deep and intensely intertwined with themes of monumental social change, musical evolution, and the previously unseen all-encompassing nature that is unique to third wave feminism. Many historians learned on the subject are of the opinion that first wave feminism originated in the 18th century withRead MoreIs Feminism Still Alive Today?3203 Words   |  13 PagesReinhart Alyson Dickerman English 101-17-14 12 December 2014 As much as we may have progressed as a country and as a global culture, sexism is still alive today. It affects men, women, people who don’t fit our gender binary system, how we view ourselves and how we view each other. A powerful force in combating the gender inequalities we face today is feminism. Feminism is a social movement for gender and sex equality, and a personal commitment to understanding and achieving gender equality inRead MoreJudith Butler in Media Studies3516 Words   |  15 Pages Judith Butler in Media Studies When reading a biography of Judith Butler, a person would typically see a discussion of a highly intelligent philosopher of feminism, political theory, ethical and moral responsibility or gender studies. 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If the organizational effectiveness is to be maintained in this diverse workforce, the current corporate culture must evolve to satisfy those diverse values, attitudes and behaviors. (Harris, Moran Moran, 2004) The organization that fails to address these issues will be the organization that faces human resource issues of critical import. The culture of the organization must experience rapid and substantial change if the human resource challenges are to be negotiated successfullyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesOrganizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. 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A Hero Within Free Essays

Everywhere you turn society today seems to be keen on portraying African Americans as a scapegoat to white societal issues and inadequacies. Ernest Gaines exemplifies this idea in the novel A Lesson Before Dying in which a young black man, Jefferson, is sentenced to trial and execution for what can be considered a â€Å"wrong place and wrong time† incident. Grant, who is an educator in the community, plays the role of a cynic and buffer between Jefferson and the rest of the community. We will write a custom essay sample on A Hero Within or any similar topic only for you Order Now He begins this novel as a somewhat worn out empty husk of what his full potential can fully allow. In a society that is dominated by white people in a post slavery pro-racist world very few opportunities present themselves for African Americans, such as Jefferson or Grant, that allow for growth and fulfillment of one’s existence. As the novel progresses Gaines provides the right elements to allow for self-fulfillment and growth for both characters that lead to life changing epiphanies and ultimately allow for a hero figure to rise. Although almost opposite in composition both Jefferson and Grant lack elements that allow them to feel whole and truly live. As individuals both struggle to live in a world that seeks to oppress causing each to barely live, but through their combined experiences and shared struggles, each are able to break the chains of oppression and rise to their ultimate potential. Grant begins the novel feeling distanced from the other members of the black community while at the same time feeling intrinsically bound to them. He feels pressured to conform to a society in which white people are superior and give little to no privilege to blacks. This idea is furthered as Dr. Joseph visits Grant’s school and compliments his students mentioning that they are a â€Å"good crop†, insinuating that the black students are subhuman or objects for a slave type of work. Although Grant’s inadequacies leave him feeling conflicted, hollow, and helpless to do anything but run away, he often remembers the pride and excitement surrounding black heroes such as Jackie Robinson and Joe Louis as they stood up to the white men and society. A hero as seen through Grant’s eyes is â€Å"a man who does something that other men do not do or cannot do. † Although Grant believes he is not a hero, he believes that Jefferson can embody the idea of a hero and that he can stand up to defy the white people proving that African Americans are human too. Grant continues by explaining to Jefferson while crying that he (Grant) needs him (Jefferson) more than Jefferson needs him. The crying and showing f helplessness marks the first transition for Grant towards the hero he can become and shows the character’s positive growth. This transition also marks where the individual struggles between Jefferson and Grant end and unification towards the embodiment of heroism begins Grant continues to embody the idea of a hero and show character progression while drinking at the Rainbow Club by standing up for Jefferson, when it would have been much easier to ignore the situation and derogatory comments. Grant’s passion and inability to sit back while the mulatto bricklayers demean the idea of Jefferson promotes the hero within, by standing up for the weak and doing something when others would not. Even though a fight breaks out and Grant is knocked unconscious, it is still another positive step towards the inner fulfillment he desperately needs. Grant also embodies a non-traditional hero in the sense that he keeps his loved ones, Vivian, at arm’s length at all times. This typically is done to protect the loved ones from impending harm; however this differs because in this instance it stems from his own inadequacies and lack of conviction in himself. Although Grant lacks the ability to see his true inner potential, others such as Tante Lou have shown positive encouragement and ultimately given everything in the belief that Grant can be great. In this instance Tante Lou has kept hidden the fact that she works incredibly long hours and works her fingers to the bone, just to send Grant to college. These outside positive factors have helped pave the pathway so that one day Grant can find his inner hero and live up to his full potential. Another important transition into Grant’s heroic path is the belief in himself which stems from an important connection with Jefferson whom he felt provided an idea he lacked, wholeness. Grant explained to Jefferson that he felt lost and needed Jefferson to believe in something so that someday he (Grant) can look to Jefferson as an example and start believing in himself. Through Jefferson, Grant has learned to stop hiding behind his own fear and inadequacies. This marks the change in status for both men as Jefferson for the first time exemplifies strength, which is shown in his posture and offer to provide Jefferson food. Grant steps back from a teaching role and exemplifies a student role in which he feels inadequate, realizing that perhaps his opinions and cynic views on life have been wrong. This is an important point in the book because it marks the final transition into the fulfillment of both men’s existence. At this point he reader has seen both characters come full circle and grow from empty husks into in depth complex people, both of which can be considered as heroes. On Jefferson’s last night Jefferson apologizes to Grant for crying when he realized that Grant would not be at the execution, stating that nobody had ever been as good to him as Grant had been during his incarceration. This kindness shown by Grant once again exemp lifies the hero role as doing something that other men do not do; in this case it was treating Jefferson as a man, a human, and as an equal. Finally Jefferson’s diary shows how Jefferson has grown into his potential and indicates that his faith is placed not in God but in his friendship with Grant. His finding of faith is the last part needed by Grant, to fully believe in himself and become the man Tante Lou and everyone else knows he can become. Although both individuals started on a path of isolation, cynicism and were shown as empty husks of their true potential, they each found fulfillment and growth. Even though it was unintentional both Jefferson and Grant grew from the experiences provided by the other and were finally able to break the chains holding them back to fulfill their potential as heroes. Upon the epiphanies that each had based on the others actions and conversations, both characters were able to grow and accomplish what individually they could not. Even though in the end Jefferson was still put to death, this book shows that two men who have nothing in common can create something so great that it shakes the very foundation on which they are built. This can apply to present day society as well as to society in the past. How to cite A Hero Within, Papers

Doris Duke Essay Research Paper Many people free essay sample

Doris Duke Essay, Research Paper Many people may believe that money is the key to happiness, but Too Rich, written by Pony Duke and Jason Thomas proves this theory incorrect. Doris Duke was one of the richest people in the universe, in fact at her clip, she was the richest adult female in the universe, but money does non do all people happy. Actually, being rich could take to and highly alone life, such as Doris Duke # 8217 ; s. Well, of class money can purchase a individual any and every stuff point that they want, but some things are invaluable. Even the MasterCard commercial says so, # 8220 ; Your kid # 8217 ; s first baseball game, priceless. For everything else, there # 8217 ; s MasterCard. # 8221 ; Money can non purchase felicity and company. The ground that a life was written about Doris Duke is because she was the richest adult female in the universe. Her household and she used their money towards worthy causes. We will write a custom essay sample on Doris Duke Essay Research Paper Many people or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Doris # 8217 ; father founded Duke University and Doris helped to continue national woods and memorials. The Duke luck started with the American Tobacco Company. At one point their baccy company was a monopoly, but so others formed. When Doris was born she was referred to as the one million-dollar Tyke. This became true when her male parent, Buck Duke died. The message conveyed in this novel is that money can purchase most things, but it can non purchase felicity. Happiness is the one thing that Doris Duke craved and needed in her life more than anything else in the universe. She was really lonely and trusted excessively many people. The most of import lesson that her male parent taught her that she did non follow was non to swear anyone. The dedication of the book reads, # 8220 ; This book is dedicated to Doris Duke, who should hold believed the individual who told her ‘never trust anyone’† ( four ) . Doris wanted to be loved. She tried to happen existent fondness from so many people, but found largely fortune huntsmans. Doris besides grew up entirely and isolated. All of the people she allowed into her life did non love her for her, which she found out earlier or subsequently, but subsequently much more frequently than Oklahomans. Doris is portrayed as a alone loving adult female, who would make about anything for anyone if she offered before she was asked. One of the chief grounds that Doris kept a wall between her and the outside universe is because of a twenty-four hours non excessively long after her male parent died. One forenoon Doris proverb bags and bags of mail being brought in, sums that came every twenty-four hours, mail that her male parent had forbid her to see. After Buck # 8217 ; s decease, Doris # 8217 ; mother, Nanaline let her see the mail. All of the letters contained menaces to immature Doris # 8217 ; life if she did non direct money or execute sexual Acts of the Apostless. This caused Doris to go a womb-to-tomb captive of her ain isolation. # 8220 ; Doris understood that she was ever in danger. From that twenty-four hours until the terminal of her life, she had a passion for privateness and security # 8221 ; ( 66 ) . Doris was lonely because no 1 loved her for her ; about all wanted her money. They wanted her money non merely in her life, but besides in her decease. # 8220 ; Peoples who neer gave Doris Duke any attending during her life are contending over the huge hoarded wealth she left. Other people who tried to victimize Doris in life are now scamming her in decease # 8221 ; ( 261 ) . The moral of the narrative is money can non purchase felicity. If this is non convincing plenty read Too Rich, and that should be.

William Wordsworth Essay Example

William Wordsworth Paper William Wordsworth was born in Cumberland. Wordsworth entered Cambridge University in 1787, the year he completed his first significant poem. Wordsworth is considered to be the most important English romantic poet. Wordsworth has also been praised for his descriptions of nature. But he traditionally claimed that his primary interest was The Mind Of Man. His finest poems include Michael, the Lucy lyrics, The Solitary Reaper, and Resolution and Independence, dramatize how imagination creates spiritual values out of memory of sights and sounds of nature. Seamus Heaney is an Irish Poet, educated at St. Columb`s College, Derry, and Queens University Belfast. In the 1960`s he belonged to a group of poets in Belfast, who, he said, Used to talk poetry day after day with an intensity and prejudice that cannot but have left a mark on all of us. After lecturing on poetry at Queens for six years he moved in to the Republic Of Ireland, living first in Co. Wicklow and then in Dublin. The first poem which we looked at was William Wordsworth`s Nutting. The title of this poem is extremely vague and it does not tell us nothing about the poem itself. As I begin to read the poem we see that it is reflecting on a memory, It seems a day. It is a memory of his childhood days and this thought holds an eternal place in his heart and mind. We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reading on we feel that the mood is going to change and he starts to examine his appearance. He is proud of the way he is dressed and what he is doing. He is reminiscing his childhood of when he goes out and collects nuts and discovers that he annihilates the whole vicinity. He is saddened that he has destroyed Dearest Maiden (mother nature) and he leaves the scene distraught and doesnt want the sky to intrude on what he has done. The second poem which we looked at was Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heany. The title proposes to us that it is Summer time and he is setting off on an adventure in late August. It begins with, Late August, given heavy rain and Sun, which is essential for blackberry growth. The blackberries would ripen which suggests new life and great trepidation because he is taking his time. The blackberries are as Hard as a knot. This is used as a simile so that we know that we are implicated. Throughout the poem various senses are used creating a real-life feeling and experience, Until the tinkling bottom has been covered, The juice was stinking too. We see the different stages blackberries go through. We are told of them once they are in their prime, when they are nice and ripe, For a full week the blackberries would ripen. We are told how fine the blackberries are but once we reach the closing stages we get a feeling that something dire is going to happen. Everything seemed to be going wrong when they said, The juice was stinking too and The sweet flesh would turn sour. This is when the blackberries are destroyed by the fungus because they are of the byre. In conclusion both of these poems are of recollection of the authors childhood memories. Wordsworth describes his poetry as Emotion recollected in tranquillity as an older man he recollects his journey as a young boy. Seamus Heany on the other hand has a different outlook of his life now than when he was as a child. He was disappointed and his human emotions really personalises the poem towards the readers. In my opinion I feel that Seamus Heanys Blackberry Picking was much more convincing than William Wordsworths Nutting because Seamus Heany uses different senses which makes the poem seem more real-life and much more pleasant to recite.

Hong Kongs Strengths and Weaknesses as a Conference Destination Essay

Hong Kong's Strengths and Weaknesses as a Conference Destination Essay Hong Kong's strengths and weaknesses as a conference destination Hong Kong, advanced in its geographic location and well-developed society and business environment, is regarded as a desirable destination for meetings, conferences and exhibitions. According to the Hong Kong Exhibition and Convention Industry Association, over 110 international exhibitions and conventions took place in Hong Kong in 2006, attracting 62,000 delegates and 5,200,000 buyers worldwide. International congresses and exhibitions, like the 6th WTO Ministerial Conference in 2005, 3G World Congress and Exhibition 2005 and The International Telecommunication Union Telecom World 2006, had enhanced and symbolized Hong Kong as a major international conference and exhibition center in the region. However, though Hong Kong is experienced in holding conferences and exhibitions, besides existing strong competitors like Singapore and Seoul, Macau is also an emerging competitor in Asia-Pacific market, and favored by international organizers. Therefore, Hong Kong needs a more in-depth und erstanding of its strengths and weaknesses, thus develops to be the leader in region. A successful conference hinges on several key elements like infrastructures, human factors, political and economic environment, and geographic. Experienced in the industry for over 30 years, Hong Kong has its strengths and weaknesses regarding these elements. In order to find out the way to success, these elements will be discussed. Hence, suggestions could be made for Hong Kong's strategic sustainable development in the industry. Successful factors As one of the most favored conference destination in Asia Pacific, Hong Kong depends on its unique geographic, complete infrastructure, experience and government support, which support Hong Kong to be an international conference and exhibition destination. Unique Geographic Environment As the Secretary of Commerce and Economic Development, Mr. Frederic MA Si-hang, said, Hong Kong has geographical advantages in the conference industry (Sing Tao Daily, 2007). Hong Kong locates in the central of the Asia-Pacific, where is on the midway from East to West. Most of the Asian and Oceania countries - like China, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia and India - are just within 7 hours away by air. It is convenient for both logistics and travelers. Besides, speaking of weather, bad weather would lead to cancellation or delay of a conference. It is important that destination's weather to be stable. Locating in the subtropics of the South Hemisphere, Hong Kong is usually warm, where the average temperature is between 22.5 to 24.5 degree Celsius, and the four seasons are distinct (HKO, 2007). Moreover, natural disasters, such as hurricane, earthquake or tsunami, are almost isolated from Hong Kong. Therefore, Hong Kong is a safe, timely, convenient and comfortable place for visit ors all over the world. World Class Meetings Facilities Hong Kong has two main conference and exhibition centers, which are the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center (HKCEC), and Asia World-Expo (AWE), providing totally over 130,000 square meters rentable function space. In addition, AWE is planning to expand the venue, providing over 60,000 square meters more space. These centers can handle large scale conference and like WTO Ministerial Conference. In addition, HKCEC has been awarded as Best Convention and Exhibition Center in Asia Pacific in the 2007 and 2005 industry survey. HKCEC and AWE are capable to hold large scale functions, providing high tech equipments and facilities when the organizers need that. Live video conference, instant translation, and or any ad hoc tasks are possible in these top class venues. On the other hand, there are plenty of choices, such as hotels, for middle and small scale conference. Except the use as accommodations, several hotels have been designed or even redesigned to be capable for holding confe rences. For example, Mandarin Oriental provides business conference services with professional services. Complete equipments like visual and audio systems, computers, broadband and telecommunications are provided for conference users. These hotels might be efficient and convenient for organizers and attendees (Mandarin Oriental 2007). All in all, Hong Kong is equipped for meetings in all sizes. Convenient Transportations For external transportation, air plays an essential role. The Hong Kong international airport is one of the busiest airports on earth. This 24-hours airport provides services with over 85 airlines, over 5,000 flights per week to over 150 destinations (HKIA, 2007). Organizers and participants from Europe, Asia or Americas can travel to Hong Kong with a single flight at least. Materials can

The Expert Guide to the Columbia Supplement

The Expert Guide to the Columbia Supplement SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Only 6% of applicants are admitted to Columbia every year. Do you want to be one of them? If so, you’ll need to write amazing Columbia essays as part of your application. In this article, we’ll outline the different types of essays you need to write for your Columbia Supplement and teach you how to write an essay that will help you stand out from the thousands of other applicants. What Does the Columbia Supplement Include? Like many major colleges and universities, Columbia University requires its applicants to submit essays as part of their application for admission. Columbia requires that you write a total of three essays and answer five short answer questions. You’ll need to answer a prompt provided by the Common Application or Coalition Application, depending on which one you use to submit your Columbia application through. You’ll also need to respond to two Columbia-specific short essay questions. The Columbia essay prompts offer you plenty of opportunities to show off your qualifications as an applicant and wow the admissions committee. The first, and longest, essay that you’ll write for Columbia will be based on one of the essay prompts provided by the Common App or the Coalition App, depending on which application you use to apply to Columbia. If you want to learn how to write a great essay for the Common App or Coalition App, check out our dedicated blog posts on each topic. Columbia Essays, Analyzed In this section, we’ll be looking at both of the Columbia supplemental essays in depth. Remember, every applicant must answer both essay prompts, so you don’t get to choose which essay you would like to write. You’ll need to answer each essay prompt strongly if you want to be admitted to Columbia. Let’s take a look at each of the two Columbia supplement questions and see how to write something meaningful for each. Columbia Essay Prompt #1 Please tell us what you value most about Columbia and why. (300 words or fewer) This prompt is deceptively simple. While the question is brief, you should take care to answer it with specific information about Columbia and why it is the best university for you. The admissions committee is interested in learning about your curiosity inside and outside of the classroom, so don’t feel like you have to limit your expressed interest in Columbia to its academic resources. For instance- how are you planning to utilize Columbia’s location? That being said, remember that the most important thing here is to be specific. Although the fact that Columbia is in NYC can certainly be a draw, do not use "city life" as your topic- it’s too broad and will sound insincere. A better answer would be to talk about the partnerships Columbia has with the many companies that are in New York City or to discuss how certain Columbia classes integrate with the world-class museums nearby. The committee is looking for students who will take advantage of all that Columbia has to offer them as an institution- so be honest in your response, and do some research. Instead of simply saying that Columbia has great academics, go into detail about a professor you admire or a class you are excited to take. Maybe there is an internship or specific program that you only have access to through Columbia. Being specific is more powerful than speaking in generalized platitudes. Don’t feel limited to your potential major. You don’t have to write solely about your predicted course of study. In fact, this prompt is an opportunity to diversify your academic portfolio, so to speak, and show the committee that you’re curious and open to new ideas. Columbia Essay Prompt #2 The third essay that you’ll write for Columbia will depend on the college that you’re applying to. Columbia’s application has different prompts for Columbia College and The Fu Foundation School of Engineering And Applied Sciences. While the prompts are basically the same, the strategies will differ a bit based on the school to which you’re applying. Columbia houses different fields of study under each of the colleges. If you’re interested in the Arts, Life Earth Sciences and Humanities, you’ll apply to Columbia College. If you’re interested in Engineering, you’ll apply to the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The colleges are not the same- each reviews its applicants separately and you’ll take different curriculum depending on the school that you’re accepted to. While you can have the freedom to talk about different academic interests in this prompt, you should make sure that you’re talking about experiences that are at related to the school you’re applying to. Don’t wax on about how you want to write like Keats if you’re applying to the engineering school. Columbia College Prompt If you are applying to Columbia College, tell us what from your current and past experiences (either academic or personal) attracts you specifically to the field or fields of study that you noted in the Member Questions section. If you are currently undecided, please write about any field or fields in which you may have an interest at this time. (300 words or fewer) Although this essay gives you a chance show yourself as a well-rounded person who has a variety of different interests and talents, make sure that you are describing a real, true experience from your life that inspired you to pursue your projected major in college. If you have absolutely no clue what you’re going to major in, it’s still crucial to describe an experience that inspired you to care about and study something. It can be simple, but it has to be genuine. Columbia’s committee is more likely to take notice of a real interest in something you actually care about than an exaggerated account of your experience serving soup at a shelter that one time with your school’s National Honors Society chapter. Essays are a great opportunity to present yourself as a well-rounded person. Don’t repeat information that the committee can find elsewhere on your application. Take the time to share fun, personal details about yourself. Be specific- the committee wants to get a real picture of you as a person. Don’t just say that you love to play video games, say exactly which video games you love and why. This essay is also a great time to show off your community- the friends, family, teammates, etc. who make up your current life. Since the prompt asks about personal experiences, you can talk about the deep bonds you have and how they have affected you. What the admissions committee mainly wants to see is that you’re an intellectually curious student. Whatever your passion is, elaborate on how it has become an intellectual pursuit. For instance, if you’re interested in studying Classics, you can talk about how you’ve researched the origins of different myths. If you care about studying journalism, talk about why you’re so passionate about an impartial press. Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science Prompt If you are applying to The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, please tell us what from your current and past experiences (either academic or personal) attracts you specifically to the field or fields of study that you noted in the Member Questions section. (300 words or fewer) This Columbia essay prompt is exactly the same as the prompt for Columbia College, with one big caveat: there’s no room for being undecided here. If you’re applying to The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, you’ll need to select a field or fields of study. Because you’re required to select your potential field of study, your essay needs to be related to that selection. You need to relate your course of study to your personal interests, not what you think the admissions committee wants to hear. Don’t say that you want to engineer an issue the world’s clean drinking water shortage just because you think it sounds good to the people reading your essay. That’s not to say you can’t talk about providing more people clean drinking water- you just have to have a personal connection to issue. Want to get into Columbia or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Columbia Short Answer Questions Analyzed In 150 words or fewer, please list a few words or phrases that describe your ideal college community. This question asks you to describe what you are looking for from your college community. The word "community" is key here- you’re not just talking about academic experience. You should also mention what you want from your peers and out-of-class life, too. The other key to this prompt is brevity- you need to cover a lot of ground in less than 150 words. You don’t want to waste words here. You’ll need to get your point across quickly and clearly. You should describe a community that reflects Columbia’s values: a place where academic curiosity and rigor are prioritized. That being said, you don’t want to sound trite or like you’re over exaggerating. Don’t say that you want to participate in endless literary salons just to sound smart. Instead, say things that actually ring true: e.g., you want a community where people are excited to create art or talk about what they’re learning in class. Don’t try to cover your entire college experience in less than 150 words. It’s better to paint a vivid picture of a small portion of your ideal college life than a blurry one of your entire experience. For the four list questions that follow, we ask that you list each individual response using commas or semicolons; the items do not have to be numbered or in any specific order. No narrative or explanatory text is needed. It is not necessary to italicize or underline titles of books or other publications. Author names may be included, but are not required. You do not need to fill the entire space or use the maximum number of words; there is no minimum word count in this section, so please respond to the extent that you feel is appropriate. Please list the following (150 words or fewer for each question): the titles of the required readings from courses during the school year or summer that you enjoyed most in the past year; the titles of books read for pleasure that you enjoyed most in the past year; the titles of print or electronic publications you read regularly; and the titles of the films, concerts, shows, exhibits, lectures and other entertainments you enjoyed most in the past year. This question can be intimidating! It’s normal to be nervous to share what you’re reading or enjoying outside of class. That being said, you should opt for honesty here, rather than impressiveness. Don’t feel like you need to say that enjoyed reading Hind Swaraj if you actually vastly preferred your English class’ foray into Tolkien. Be truthful and real. This question is also a great opportunity to share different interests that you have. If you love Miyazaki films, but also love documentaries about climate change, feel free to share! The more information you give, the more fleshed out you’ll be as a person. It’s important to note the directions here: don’t justify your responses or give any commentary. Simply list the works you’ve enjoyed and leave it at that. You can choose to list the works in a number of ways: alphabetically, chronologically, or in order of interest. I’d suggest going chronologically or in order of interest, but there’s not a right or wrong way to go here. How to Write a Great Columbia Essay: 3 Key Tips Regardless of which Columbia essay prompt you’re responding to, you should keep in mind the following tips for how to write a great Columbia essay. #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Columbia wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your Columbia essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. Columbia’s admissions committee will see hundreds, if not thousands, of essays that talk about how much the applicant loves New York City. Saying that you want to study amongst the bright lights of the Big Apple is trite and overdone. If you are excited about going to school in New York City, make sure that you have a really specific reason that also ties to Columbia’s opportunities. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but you want to make sure your Columbia essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Columbia application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Columbia essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Recap: Writing the Columbia Supplemental Essays Your Columbia essays cover a lot of ground! You'll have the opportunity to share why you want to attend Columbia, as well as about your academic interests and potential pursuits. You'll also get to talk about Columbia's community and the art and literature that interests you. Be honest and sincere in your Columbia essays. Make sure your essays are a great representation of who you are as a person, not just a What’s Next? Wondering how to excel on the "Why Columbia" essay?We break down this essay prompt and specific examples on our blog. You might be wondering what kind of test scores you need to get into Columbia and other similar schools. We tell you what good scores are for Ivy League schools plus MIT, Stanford, and UChicago here. Looking for a detailed guide on how to be one of the few students accepted to Ivy League level schools? Read PrepScholar co-founder Allen Cheng's reflections on his college application and tips for how you can get into Harvard and other Ivy League-level schools. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Supply chain management, innovation capability of the company Dell Essay

Supply chain management, innovation capability of the company Dell - Essay Example The organization is continuously focusing on technological innovation. Attractive tablets and touch screen products has increased the brand preference. Recently, Dell is one of the leading brand names within the technology industry due to its effective product differentiation and supply chain process (Mentzer, 2004, p.112). This essay will focus on various supply chain strategies and processes of Dell. Discussion Delegated suppliers of Dell are the strongest assets of the organization. Effective and unique supply chain process is the major core competency of the organization. Dell focuses on two criteria during the selection of the suppliers. These are health and safety and management qualification. Effective contribution of diverse suppliers have supports the whole business process of Dell. Effective supply chain strategy and process helps the organization to meet market demand and customer satisfaction. A firm of suppliers need to have the dignity, respect and ethical standards (Ma ngan, Lalwani and Mentzer, 2004, p.112). Moreover, women owners, ethnic minorities, veterans and disable veterans are the effective parts of the supply chain management of Dell. Supply chain network of Dell consists of 6 key ingredients, such as sub-component manufacturer, component manufacturer, component assembler, wholesaler, retailer and final customer. The organization utilizes several sub-component manufacturers to establish the major component. These established components are provided to Dell. The organization has developed itself as large wholesaler in global market place. These completed components of Dell are then purchased by the wholesaler. Following to this, several global retailers purchase these products from their wholesalers to mitigate the market demand (Bozath, 2006, p.22). Finally, the end-potential customers avail the products from retailers to satisfy their own individual level of needs and desire. Dell follows a unique supply chain process. Suppliers and cust omers are two key parts in the supply chain process of Dell. The suppliers of Dell supply the products on appropriate demand in every two hours. Generally customers place order for the products through phone and internet (Li, 2007, p.51). All the manufacturing units or plants of Dell have unique internal storing system. Merging storing system is the key part of the supply chain of Dell. Effective logistics associates of Dell provide deliveries and services within the mentioned deadline. The organization focuses on highly qualified and capable suppliers as the major goal of the organization is to meet the satisfaction level of customer through effective customer service and significant technological innovation. Dell operates within the first movers industry. The suppliers of Dell always focus on innovation and effective supply chain processes. The organization tries to invest significantly in order to avail latest and developed materials to develop several innovative products like to uch screen. Highly qualified suppliers are necessary for this reason. The unique suppliers help the organization to utilize unique source of product materials. Supply chain theory depends on two key aspects like supply chain management and internal functional co-ordination. Effective supply chain management helps the organization to monitor and manage the suppliers in a unique strategic manner. The employees of Dell take the major initiative

BIOLOGY Paper - Amphibian Development - Human Development Essay

BIOLOGY Paper - Amphibian Development - Human Development - Essay Example s belong to Tetrapods or four-legged vertebrates and are considered as ectothermic vertebrates.3 Physically, frogs’ skin is smooth, has three-chambered heart, and does not have claws on their toes. Frogs usually lay their eggs in water until it hatches to into tadpole or larva. Tadpoles has to be on the water since they breathes with their gills. Chicks are classified as endothermic vertebrates. 3 Their physiological appearance includes skin covered with feathers, has four-chambered heart, lightweight bones that are hollow, and with wings. Similar to frogs, chicks also lay eggs. In comparison between the eggs produced by chicks and frogs, the egg that comes from chicks has more yolk than the frogs. Since human fertilized egg or the zygote does not contain any yolk, we will take into consideration the frog’s reproduction and development as the best choice in comparison with the human reproduction and development process. There is a huge difference between a frog egg (mesolecithal egg) and human ova (egg cells). Mesolecithal egg has a moderate amount of yolk being distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the egg with more concentration towards the ‘vegetal pole.’ On the other hand, the human ova do not show traces of yolk. Also, the external portion of the frog egg has a smooth surface while the human ova has an uneven surface. Frog egg is divided into a dark pigmented hemisphere called the animal hemisphere while the lightly pigmented hemisphere is known as the vegetal hemisphere. The gray crescent is the dorsal surface of the embryo that plays a role in establishing the embryonic axis. See figure 1. Human ova, measures around 0.2 mm. in diameter, are enclosed within the egg follicles of the ovaries.5 The cell substance of the ovum i is called oà ¶plasm.10 (in amphibians, oà ¶plasm is equivalent to the yolk) The nucleus is known as the germinal vesicle while the nucleolus is the germinal spot. The ovum is enclosed by a thick transparent envelope called the

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay Example for Free

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay Explain how far the views in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to President Eisenhower and the desegregation of education. Both sources illustrate Eisenhower’s negative opinion on desegregation in schools. Both criticise and portray Eisenhower’s intolerance of black people as Source states Eisenhower’s comment that white people ‘ are concerned about is that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes’ . Eisenhower’s ‘sympathises’; the south as he originates there himself, the intolerance could be considered to be part of the South’s culture and behaviour to be intolerant of the black people, it is arguable that this effected Eisenhower’s political judgement . The fact that Eisenhower came from military background after spending 44 years of his life in service, would have influenced his decisions and opinions on desegregation as military camps were segregated and Eisenhower would have been use to this system. He once again agues from the South’s point of view in Source B, ‘I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws and decisions’ this once again supports the point I made before. Evidence of his intolerance was regretting appointing Earl Warren as chief of justice ‘the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ he obviously was very against the decision and never wanted desegregation. The similarities continue as both sources shows the reluctance of helping the black people through desegregation. Source A comments that he didn’t show a clear support for the Supreme Court decision to desegregate schools, ‘his silence encouraged massive resistance’. His political and personal opinions were colliding with each other making his actions limited. Source B shows proof of his reluctance also as it stated three years later he finally protects the little rock 9 with a federal army in 1957. This was the first time Eisenhower showed support of segregation however; it was a ‘weak act’ from Eisenhower. It could be possible that he felt that it was his study as the president not himself supporting civil rights for the black people. However, the sources do differ in the fact that source B states a more positive view on Eisenhower even thought it was considered ‘weak’. As already stated Eisenhower While in presidency did not actively support desegregation and had reservations about the Brown decision, he understood his constitutional responsibility to uphold the federal authority and the law. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to guard and Little Rock and protect black students as they walked to school. He therefore became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. As Source A’s tone is very negative as it quotes intolerant views on the African Americans, it insinuates that Eisenhower is very against African Americans being part of a ‘white society’ this contrast with the little rock 9 as he aids the black people into the school, after his comments it would been unlikely to help the black people but he does. To conclude: source A and B are very similar as they both voice the intolerance and his lack of support Eisenhower gave to the African-Americans. I agree with the source as from my own knowledge he was very against civil rights because of his Sothern influence. His views on desegregation was transparent from his actions and that’s what source and B illustrate (12 Marks) (B) Use Source A, B and C and your own knowledge. How important was the Supreme Court in the development of African-American civil rights in the years 1950 to 1962? The Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. The Supreme Court would have benefited every African- American with their decisions of passing and lifting laws if they succeeded in winning their cases. It allowed them to have legal rights with in the country and legally be equal to the white people. However, the self-esteem of the African Americans was low due to the intolerance of the white people therefore figures such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and support of political figures such as Kennedy allowed them to be brave and a sense of pride in gaining equality. Therefore, the Supreme Court could be considered less important than other figures and factors that occurred between 1950 and 1962. Source A and B discuss the Brown vs. Topeka’s Board of Education verdict in 1954. The Supreme Court passed the law of desegregated schools by the chief of Justice Earl Warren. He was criticised for his decision such as President Eisenhower, who had shared his annoyance with Warren by stating that is was the ‘biggest damn fool mistake he ever made’. The silence of Eisenhower’s support on desegregation caused massive resistance along with the indirect deadline for when desegregation is to commence. Hence, Brown 2 in 1955 was the attempt to get a clearer deadline than before. However, disappointingly the verdict was ‘with all deliberate speed’ it was still vague and prolonged the wait for desegregation. The Supremes’ role in this particular situation helped civil rights as it declared more equality within America however turned to a hindrance as it become a battle of when it will happen. The decision also caused further problems for the African- Americans as Little Rock complied with the high court’s laws and decided to desegregate there all white school. The NAACP submitted nine students originally to join the school and gradually bring more in and settled them slowly. However, it wasn’t that simply as the 9 students went to enter their school they was verbally abused and tormented by the white southerners, Eisenhower had to submit federal assistance to help them into school , this is stated in source B as it had taken 3 years to show any support from Eisenhower and the south to finally accept desegregation . Eisenhower’s federal involvement was then became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. However, since Brown vs. education Source C states that McLaurin vs. Oklahoma rules that universities too have to follow the desegregation law and that you ‘could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his/her race’. This proves that the Supreme Court was furthering African American rights through all levels of education making them equal and educated. This is another influence the Supreme Court had over monumental changes for the African Americans and the society around them. However, it is arguable that the Supreme Court only assisted the figures and events that immensely changed civil rights for the African Americans. Events such as the Montgomery Bus boycott in 1956 were a political and social protest. after the arrest of Rosa parks African Americans were ready to take action and regain some equality and raise the issue of how wrong it is to make a ‘tired, old lady’ to move, even if it wasn’t entirely true. The boycott was led by the group the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) Saturday 3rd December the black community supported each other as a lot of people avoided the busses and had to take rides with other people in the community, even though it was difficult the supporters of the cause enthusiastically agreed to continue the boycott until there was justice. The success of the black people boycotting led to economic stress were the issue of segregation would be over. The fact that one event, encourage African Americans to stand for their rights influenced and uncovered the most influential figures in civil right history and gained justice from their efforts. This is repeated again the 1960 in the Greensboro sit-in’s when African Americans refuse to move to from their seats in the Woolworths store. Their numbers increased in support and was watched by the world; even Eisenhower voiced his opinions on the matter. These nonviolent protests allowed black people to become a part of changing their future and not relying on court cases and individuals to get them there. Arguably even though they gained great success the black people didn’t have any legal hold on desegregating the bus system, thus the Browder vs. Gayle case. The Supreme Court upheld the district court’s decision in making bus’s desegregated. Without the confirmation from the Supreme Court all the black people’s efforts would have resulted to nothing without the confirmation of the Supreme Court. Rosa parks is seen in our modern day history as an inspirational civil rights leader. Her story influenced thousands of African Americans to boycott buses and gain equality. However, her image of being a ‘hard working, old, fragile women’ who wanted to rest her feet after a long day isn’t true at all. She had been an active protester and NAACP member for years and probably planned this protest to gain publicity and change. Due to her protest Martin Luther King was noticed as a civil rights figure, he had been watched from all over the world and from then on seen as the leading civil rights leader. His efforts in the SCLC created in 1957 after the Montgomery bus boycott, helped the southern African Americans who suffered from great intolerance . However, once again their efforts amounted to achieving the legalisation of equality, without the Supreme Court all their efforts went to nothing. To conclude: even though Martin Luther King is seen as the saviour of the African Americans in gaining equality and is still admired in our modern day society, it is the supreme court that allowed them legally to be treated as equals and live the lives they should live. However, without the efforts and protests the Supreme Court would never have considered to pass or all the African Americans to have the equality they gained through their efforts. Therefore, the other factors that influenced African Americans development on civil rights were more important than the Supreme Court. (2A) Explain why school were not immediately desegregated after the verdict in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education case of 1954 * Â  Earl Warren passed desegregation in 1954 in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of education. This was to end segregation. The NAACP appointed Thurgood to take the case and won with Earl Warren’s confirmation However, Warren didn’t set the deadline when schools should be desegregated. This prolonged desegregation and led to the court case Brown 2 in 1955 to gain directness on when desegregation will commence .However the verdict remained vague commenting that desegregation should happen with ‘all deliberate speed’ allowing desegregation, once again to be prevented from racial diversity in schools. This suggests that the Supreme Court was reluctant to desegregate schools fully due to Eisenhower’s silence and the South’s reluctance to do so. Other than the Cooper vs. Aaron case, the southern manifesto is proof of their reluctance as this was a legal document signed by 99 politicians to counter the decision on Brown vs. Education, because of the legality and not just the opinions of the south. This then makes the manifesto more than reluctance but a serious legal matter. Their claim matched the opinions of the south commenting that ‘segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The southern manifesto stated that ‘It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races’, ‘It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding’ to make their argument fair and agreeable they used the idea that desegregation will bring violence and issues to the communities when there is no need. Even though some areas (especially in the north where it was more tolerant) accepted desegregation quickly. However, a lot of the south continued segregation as they didn’t agree with the Brown vs. Board of Education, thus the southern manifesto. The build-up of tension of intolerance was at little rock. Little rock school in Arkansas decided to comply with the high court’s ruling. The NAACP submitted 9 students to the previously all white school. They was verbally abused and tormented as they entered the school, President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to protect the 9 children. This suggests that ‘fear’ that was presented in the southern manifesto was proven to be true allowing anxiety for other schools and black people to comply with desegregation. President Eisenhower originated from the south and voiced intolerance himself about the decisions of Brown vs. board of education. It was commented that his silence encouraged massive resistance to applying the new law forcefully through the country as he did not agree with the verdict. It was also claimed that he voiced annoyance about appointing Earl Warren stating that it was ‘The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ this is evidence of his intolerance because he disapproved of Warren’s decision. Being a military man himself he was use to the segregation system and probably agreed with the idea of ‘separate but equal’. This suggests why the Supreme Court had given vague answers of when the deadline should be on desegregation because the president wasn’t happy with the decision. To conclude: there were many factors to why desegregation wasn’t immediate however; the most important factor that contributed to preventing desegregation was the south. The fear, the legal documentation created by the south, the behaviour and the powerful leaders from the south made the desegregation difficult and tense. The South’s intolerance caused the most issues, as the north complied with high court’s decision quickly as there was less intolerance. Â  * (2B) ‘The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was the most important reason for the desegregation of schools in the years 1950 to 1960’ * Explain why you agree or disagree with this view * The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Their mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. They are the earliest organisation to aid African- Americans into equality. They have had many successes in desegregating schools and their efforts have gone far however, it is arguable that other organisations, figures and events that were more influential to desegregation in schools than the NAACP. * The NAACP had succeeded in other cases for the rights of black people however; it was the Brown vs. Board of Education that is considered NAACP’s victorious achievement. But, without the work of Thurgood marshal that was appointed by the NAACP the outcome might have been different. Other than being the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court he had won 29 out of the 32 he had faced. He was a very intelligent and stood for his rights after winning previous cases for the NAACP himself and a team of NAACP attorneys won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Other than the NAACP winning the case Thurgood who was part of the NAACP team, was an inspiration to the African Americans. However, the decision didn’t lead to an immediate change as there was no clear deadline. The NAACP and Marshall forgot to argue its urgency for change therefore, Brown 2 the case that was to get the urgency it needed however, the decision was vague as it stated ‘with deliberate speed’. The NAACP did succeed in the decision of desegregation but it had no action. NAACP helped all African American’s in need such as the Little Rock 9 in 1957. The NAACP submitted 9 students to attend the previously all white school Little Rock, this was an achievement as a lot of the south wasn’t and would not comply with the high court’s orders. However, this turned into a disadvantage as The 9 students was verbally abused, tormented and prevented to enter their new school. The NAACP however, did help them try and enter or submit them in different and safer schools. It wasn’t just Little Rock students that they helped enter schools but many. * It is arguable that other factors effected the desegregation of schools such as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to pass the laws to gain legal equality, therefore the Brown vs. Education case without the Chief of Justice Earl Warren reaching the decision that segregation is unconstitutional. Desegregation would never have gone through. They pass the McLaurin vs. Oklahoma state regents, this was to desegregate universities. However, other cases were inspired by the efforts of the NAACP, and the outcome they reached in the Brown vs. board of Education Verdict. * However, it was the ordinary people that changed their future by joining protests and helping each other. Such as Linda Brown, if it wasn’t for Linda’s cause the case to bring desegregation to schools. Linda Brown was the Daughter to Oliver Brown, because of his annoyance that his daughter had to walk 6 blocks because of the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling ‘separate but equal’ under the Jim Crow laws. Her long walks to school led to one of the most monumental events that happened for African Americans. However, Linda Brown was part one of the thirteen families that was recruited to Topeka (the area they lived in), the NAACP took the case for Brown and pursued his plan to desegregate schools. * To conclude: The NAACP efforts in desegregating schools were more important than the other factors that influenced desegregations. Without The NAACP providing lawyers such as Marshall and helping brown win his case, Oliver brown wouldn’t of won the case. I believe that the NAACP’s involvement in the desegregation of schools was the main reason and that’s why I agree with the statement.

Love in the Time of the Victorian Era Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane

True love is not found within the goals of economic survival or societal gains, rather it is found when two individuals unite in marriage because they have a genuine affection for each other. In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen depicts what love in a traditional Victorian era would be defined as. Austen displays love as the center of attention for all of society, along with the influences society has on it. Through various characters, such as Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet, Austen demonstrates how money and status can largely shape love and the idea of who to love. Yet, with the characters of Jane and Bingley, Austen conveys, in the end, that true love results not from economic necessity or societal gains, but from a sincere affection. Society, as Austen describes it, is similar to the survival of the fittest. In order to get to the top, one must do everything he or she can to get there, including manipulating marriage. In the novel’s society â€Å"family and marriage occupied a far more public and central position in the social government and economic arrangements† (Brown 302). The members of the society in Austen’s novel, specifically Mrs. Bennet, will do anything, including marrying their daughters off to wealthy men, in order to gain a respectable status amongst there peers. Marriage, therefore, becomes a way of getting to the top of the social ladder. This focus on the importance of the social order significantly influences the idea of love and whom to love because it changes the people into thinking that marriage is not about love, but about status. It shapes the individuals into thinking that societal gains are what truly matter in a relationship. In Vyas 2 this situation, Austen illustrates how the society i... ...not money or status. By satirizing love, Austen displays real love in all its purity. Jane and Bingley have a pure, honest love, and this is the kind of love Austen presents in her novel, which is what should be established in a real relationship. Money and society mold love, and place certain implications on it that do not hold true. These implications shape the idea of love and who to love. Within Pride and Prejudice, love is defined as materialistic, yet true love can defy all, and does when Jane and Bingley wed in the end. Through money and status, Austen constructs a premise of flawed love, which she uses to mock society. Nevertheless, this satire is exactly what communicates the true meaning of love proposed by the novel. Affection shapes love, not wealth or status. Love is not about what one has or gains; love is about whom one spends it with.

Overview of Information Systems and Technology Essay

Corporations rely heavily on their internal business systems. These business systems consist of departments such as finance and accounting, human resource, legal, sales/marketing, and operations. Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. contains all the necessary business systems to operate for day to day activities. Riordan, a manufacturing company HRIS system is dated back in 1992 and as part of the financial system, it tracks the employee information such as pay rate, hire date, personal tax exemption purposes, seniority date, vacation hours for none exempted employees, organizational information such as manager’s name and department for budget purposes, and personal information with inclusion of addresses, birth dates and names. The company’s HRIS system was installed in 1992. It is a part of the financial systems package and keeps track of the following employee information: †¢Personal information (such as name, address, marital status, birth date, etc.) †¢Pay rate †¢Personal exemptions for tax purposes †¢Hire date †¢Seniority date (which is sometimes different than the hire date) †¢Organizational information (department for budget purposes, manager’s name, etc.) †¢Vacation hours (for non-exempt employees) Changes to this information are submitted in writing (on special forms) by the employee’s manager and are entered into the system by the payroll clerk. Training and development records are kept in an Excel worksheet by the training and development specialist. Each recruiter maintains applicant information for open positions. Rà ©sumà ©s are filed in a central storage area, and an Excel spreadsheet is used to track the status of applicants. Workers’ compensation is managed by a third-party provider, which keeps its own records. Employee files are kept by individual managers; there is no central employee file area. Managers are also responsible for tracking FMLA absences and any requests for accommodation under the ADA. The compensation manager keeps an Excel spreadsheet with the results of job analyses, salary surveys and individual compensation decisions. Employee relations specialists track information about complaints, grievances, harassment complaints, etc. in  locked files in their offices.

Culture Studies for Fashion Essay

This essay discusses how fashion helps convey the social identity of the rich and wealthy. Status includes class, gender, and ages. Status is important in today’s society. As Coco Chanel said, †women should dress as plainly as their maids† (Davis 1992:57). A person who is wealthy is a symbol of a person who is successful and of high income in the society. Being wealthy can upgrade one’s status to a higher class, and to be associated with the upper class society. Being wealthy will bring about better lifestyle and standard of living, which allows one to move to a better place and area of residence. Naturally, it creates a bigger opportunity to mingle with societies of a different class. This essay will discuss about status and wealth followed by the history of fashion and how important the type of fabric is in differentiating status and classes. We will then discuss about how technology in the 21st century has helped in the development of fashion. In the late 13th and 14th century, the fabric and gem trade brought back from the east started and spread throughout Europe. These fabric and cloths could only be afforded by the rich, thus wearing these clothes showed the status in the society. This was as Davis (1992; 58) said, ‘Wearing one’s wealth on one’s back’. Different classes of people had very different lifestyles and attended different activities. For example the upper class people went shopping, had afternoon tea, attended evening balls, and were presented the chance to have an education in school. The standard of living was very vastly different as lower class people had to suffer, go through hunger, and possess no extra money for anything other than their basic necessities. Their source of income were either by working day and night in the factory, working as maids for the rich or operating small business stalls. Aristocrats and upper class people communicated their wealth by wearing luxurious brands, expensive accessories, jewelry, and unique apparels from famous designers, and the men talk about business, cars, property, and women. In the eighteenth century, male and female of the aristocracy, and of the upper Bourgeoisie who emulated it, were equally partial to ample display of lace, rich velvets, fine silks, and embroideries, on appease. To highly ornamented footwear, to coiffures, wigs, and hats of rococo embellishment, and to lavish use of scented powders, rouges, and other cosmetics (Los Angeles Country Museum of Art 1983 in Davis 1992). In the twentieth to twenty first century, technology started to become more and more advance. People started to be more reliant on computers. Internet has become a very useful gateway to immediate information. The mass public has fast and direct access to information through the Internet, as an example they can also now browse luxury brands website, watch fashion shows, and do online shopping. Therefore with the ease of access to information, marketing and publicity of a product can reach the consumer level faster than ever before. When a jewelry or luxury brand’s product is worn, people can easily recognize the product and have an idea of a person’s wealth through the worth of their attire. According to Arvanitidou and Gasouka ‘Dressing is an important and controllable way to communicate one’s values, particularly rich in emotional and psychosocial consequences’. People are willing to pay for luxury brand as the brand name is associated with fashion, elegance, class and value. Some example of the designer brands under the luxury category are such as Louis Vuitton, Prada, Chanel, Gucci, Salvatore Ferragamo, Hermes, Versace and others. These luxury brands have been well known in the fashion retail market for a long time. Buying branded goods is like insurance for women as it can easily be sold in the second hand market apart from it being fashionable and trendy. The other reason luxury brands sell well is due to is timeless, evergreen design. Some classic designs will stand the test of time. Shopping to women has a therapeutic effect, be it in shopping malls, luxury shops, or department stores. They indulge in the moment and make themselves happy, especially when buying from luxury brands. Upper class people have the financial capability to purchase most of the things that they like. They also like to compare amongst themselves, so they are ometimes under peer pressure to have the latest and the most fashionable product in order to show off and convince people of their status in the society. With this, they would be able to show that they are wealthy enough to enjoy the luxury brand’s quality products and prove their status. Drama and television advertisement has become a major influence in marketing and publicity of products, especially to the young people. Young people in the twenty first century like to idolize film stars, celebrities, and Korean pop stars, following closely their news, styles, actions, and lifestyles. As the Internet now is very advanced, young people can see live news on the Internet and share the news out to their circle of contact. The standard of living today has changed globally and young people today have higher disposable income. This allows them to chase after branded goods as we are living in a much commercialized world today. We are hit with commercials and advertisements in every direction, from the television, to the radio, magazines, billboards, sponsors of sports, etc. Therefore young people today are also chasing after luxury brands to be associated with status and class. Young children in the twenty first century are more matured thinking; they use make up, wear sexy dresses, and make themselves looks like an adult. They make up a big portion of market share for new technology products which is in trend such as Ipad mini, Iphone5, and Samsung note two. Possessing either one of these product, people will easily recognize their wealth through the product’s worth. In conclusion, wealth is an important factor complementing status. Historically, there was a big difference between aristocracies, upper class people and lower class people in terms of lifestyle and attire. Wearing the right clothes, the appropriate dress for the occasion, fitting in rather than standing out, is the dominant concerns of most people’ (Twigg 2009: 4). Wearing a classic, elegant gown in an evening party is very important in forming the impression of yourself on status and class. Internet and the latest technological products are very useful in helping people receive firsthand information. The products of latest technology are most of the time expensive, and holding the latest items will show that one is wealthy.

Social Justice and Charity Essay Example

Social Justice and Charity Essay Example Social Justice and Charity Essay Social Justice and Charity Essay Social justice, in the present, is dominantly viewed by the contemporary civilization as the concept wherein everyone is equal with each other in terms of social privileges in life. Commonly, this concept is regarded in the aspect of material terms that every single individuals must have the same right for access and acquisition of the lifestyles choices, luxuries and services offered by the present social community. Thus, the concept of social justice is indeed presently established in relation to the economic aspect of the contemporary lifestyle. Concerning the correlation of concept of social justice with the aspect of charity, one can actually argue that the two are indeed opposite, as one would actually negate his or her justifiable personal right for social equality. Individuals who will indulge with charitable profession or services will indeed give up his or her privilege for equal status with the other and embraced a lifestyle potentially lesser in economic terms with the majority. However though, looking at the situation in the positive side, charitable profession such as those practiced by social workers can also be considered as privilege not in the economic aspect but in the social one. Indeed, social workers are indeed promoting social justice in their respective social community, as they are able to promote the equal betterment of the people through giving them their rightful privileges for services such as in the medical aspect and others in the form of selfless action. Thus, this concept must be critically explained to the social workers, as this will be the main core of the charity values and views regarding their profession influencing the prime decision that will put them in this field. For the social workers, the concept of social justice does not only apply to economic terms but in general social aspect wherein their personal rights and privileges will not be negated by their profession but will only be enhance and they will be able to personally l ive up the values of equality in the society.

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It Et al. essentially means â€Å"and others,† extra, or in addition. It is the abbreviated form of the Latin expression et alia (or et alii or et aliae, the masculine and feminine form of the plural, respectively). The abbreviation et al. often appears in academic documents. It is generally used in footnotes and citations: for example, when a book has multiple authors, et al. can be used after the first name to indicate that there are more than two other authors who worked on the project.   How to Use Et Al. Et al. can be used in a situation that refers to more than two people. Make sure it’s always followed with a period, which indicates that it’s an abbreviation, but given its prevalence in the English language, italicizing it is not necessary in reference citations, though some publications may require it. According to the APA, it should only be used when there are two or more authors. For three to five authors, all names must be listed within the first citation, but all following citations can include just the name of the first author and et al. For six or more authors, the first author and et al. can be used in all citations, including the first. If you’re referencing sources with many of the same authors, spell out as many names as possible before using et al., until there is no room for confusion. If using a different style guide, be sure to reference the corresponding manual as rules can differ. Keep in mind that since et al. is plural, it must apply to at least two people. For example, if you are dealing with four authors and have typed out three names, you cannot use et al. to substitute the last one, since it cannot be used in place of just one person. Does it have a place outside of citations? Generally, no. Though not technically incorrect, it would be rare, and overly formal, to see it within an email greeting to multiple people, such as: â€Å"Dear Bill et al.†Ã‚   Et Al. vs. Etc. Et al. might sound familiar to another abbreviation we encounter regularly: â€Å"etc.† Short for â€Å"et cetera†- which means â€Å"and the rest† in Latin- â€Å"etc.† refers to a list of things, rather than individuals. Unlike et al. which normally makes appearances in academic sources, â€Å"etc.† is both formal and informal and can be used in a wide variety of contexts. Examples of Et Al. Jolly et al. (2017) published a revolutionary study on the role of the gut microbiome: In this sentence, et al. doesn’t appear on a reference list, but still serves to indicate that Jolly and others contributed to the study in question.  Some large-scale surveys found cats to be the preferred pet (McCann et al., 1980) while others found dogs to be the ideal pet (Grisham Kane, 1981): In this example, et al. is used in the first citation because there are more than two authors. If this is a first citation, that indicates there are six or more authors, or if this is a subsequent citation in the text, there could be three or above authors. Et al. is not used in the last citation because there are only two authors who worked on the study.  Meditation once a week was found to improve focus by 20% in study participants (Hunter, Kennedy, Russell, Aarons, 2009). Meditation once a day was found to increase focus by 40% among participants (Hunter et al., 2009): This example, though citations of the same study would normally not occur in such close proximity, shows how et al. is used when introducing a work co-authored by three to five individuals. Et al. is reserved for all subsequent citations, with the first clearly naming everyone involved.   The Other â€Å"Et Al.†: Et Alibi In less common situations, et al. stands for et alibi, which refers to locations that will not appear in a list. For example, if you went on a trip, you could use et alibi when writing down the places and hotels you visited so you don’t have to name all of them. This can also be used to refer to locations within a text.   How do you remember what this means? Think of an alibi, which is used to prove that a criminal suspect was elsewhere when the crime took place, thus absolving them of suspicion.

BUSINESS DATA ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

BUSINESS DATA ANALYSIS - Essay Example R., Sweeney, D. J. & Williams, T. A. (2008). Essentials of Modern Business Statistics (4th Edition). Ohio: South-Western Cengage. 19 Abstract The present paper discusses the way that HH Industries had been running their business over a year. It attempts to assess their trends in customer sales and orders received in addition to the way that their machines are functioning. The industry consists of three profit centers based in Florida, Arizona and Pennsylvania whose operations are being examined separately. Introduction The situation prevailing over HH Industries is examined in the present case. It tries to assess the summary statistics for variables such as customer purchases and sizes of order for all three component profit centers as well as the entire company. This is the way through which it attempts to examine the trends that the company is taking over time. Methods In order to attain the objectives of the paper, central tendency methods and probability distributions have been u sed with the help of MS-Excel. Results, Conclusions and Recommendations Answer to Question 1 a) The relative frequency distributions and histograms for the company’s daily average order size in the first and second quarters have been presented underneath – For Quarter 1 For Quarter 2 Histogram representing of the company’s daily average order size for Quarter 1 Histogram representing of the company’s daily average order size for Quarter 2 b) The following charts display the histograms representing daily total orders of the company, for each quarter. Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 3rd quarter of 1990 Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 4th quarter of 1990 Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 1st quarter of 1991 Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 2nd quarter of 1991 c) Each quarter is found to be displaying almost equivalent trends in terms of daily orders received by the company. During the 3rd quarter of 1990, the company’s daily orders had been quite high and uniformly distributed. This implies that the proximity in the location of mean, median and mode in this case. However, this uniformity is visible more for the lower amounts of orders in contrast to that of the 1st quarter of 1991 which shows uniformity for the higher orders. On the other hand, this consistency cannot be noted in the 4th quarter of 1990. The 2nd quarter of 1991 on the other hand displays a consistency in the number of orders received throughout the period. A possible conclusion which could be drawn from the above statements is that the people are instigated to purchase more frequently over the years gradually as the company attains more and more popularity with them. It might also be possible that the customers to the company have realized the higher expenditure involved in storing inventories which is why they have shifted towards making smaller purchases freque ntly. Answer to Question 2 a) The central tendency measures computed for the quarterly data on number of orders and average order size have been presented in the following table – Central Tendency Measures Quarter 3 of 1990 Quarter 4 of 1990 Quarter 1 of 1991 Quarter 2 of 1991 Daily orders Average order size Daily orders Aver

Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) Research Paper

Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) - Research Paper Example In order to run a successful industry, call for a systematic study of the labor force and productivity. In order to make rational and sound comparisons of these theories, it is crucial to understand their economic sense that informed their designs. Fredrick Taylor is considered the father of scientific theory, as theorized in the late 1880s and 1890s; the theory has significantly impacted positively to economics on labor and production (Neilson and Rossiter 69). Taylor motivation was based on the need to have a new dimension in the production process1. After the era of rule of thumb where employees were subjected to forceful long working hours, Taylor observed that despite the long working hours, there was little reflection on the productivity. Before coming up with scientific theory, he studied employees pattern in jobs such as movement and time wastage. He recognized there was a lot of time wastage and the unskilled approach used was ineffective. Certainly, the theory was founded after systematic identification of production and output mismatch. The analysis paid attention to rationality, work ethics, standardization and removal of wasteful processes in the entire industrial processes. This harsh economic background informed his suggestion on training each employee and selecting them to undertake the best-suited jobs. In addition, the emphasis on efficiency through utilization of relevant skills and knowledge culminated into the scientific model that is relevant to modern economics and management. This theory developed substantially in 1930s following a shift in European economies to the use of machines and equipment in industrial processes (Kluvert 160). According to Charles Maler, the theory developed from its predecessor Taylorism, a suggestion that focused on organizational productivity through enhancing creativity and innovation in each process. As efficiency continued to dominate economists vocabulary, Fordism

Reflective Diary Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Diary - Coursework Example These food places are called fast casual and have become a threat to fast food places and the traditional restaurants. The second key issue described in the article is how pubs, specifically those in London, are enjoying more visits from customers due to an adjusted family-friendly menu and dà ©cor. It seems that pubs have upped their food offerings and have started including food items for the entire family. Moreover, they have updated their interiors so as to be cozier and family-friendly. Because of these changes, adults have started bringing their kids along and pub owners are starting to get a new reputation as a family-oriented food establishment, other than a place where one can enjoy drinks with friends. Aside from these two significant issues, other key issues could be gathered from the article. First of these is the effect of fast casual food places on fast food joints. People still find fast food places convenient, especially those who want to grab something to eat because they are too busy to sit down and enjoy a meal. Second of these is the effect on traditional restaurants. People also like full service restaurants because the atmosphere is more conducive to having conversations over a warm and complete meal. Still, as the study has discovered, these same people would appreciate a place where the speediness in fast food joints and the comfortable ambiance of traditional restaurants can be enjoyed at the same time. This is why fast casual restaurants are now becoming popular among consumers. The other sub issue is the sudden popularity of pub and hotels because of the way they reinvented their service. Aside from changing the atmosphere in their establishments, pub owners have also started improving the food that they are offering to the customers. Instead of continuing to focus on adult customers, they have now expanded their service to also providing meals for

Global Biogeochemical Cycle Of Aluminium Environmental Sciences Essay

Global Biogeochemical Cycle Of Aluminium Environmental Sciences Essay Aluminium is found in atmosphere and the atmospheric input fluxes and solubility are consistent with the seasonality of surface water concentration Data and this yield an average residence time in the upper 100m of 6.5yrs. Atmospheric deposition can either be in two ways either as Dust or rainfall to the open ocean. Lithospheric cycle of aluminium can be in two forms primary and secondary mineral.Biospheric cycle of aluminium although is small but can be found in micro-organisms, plant, invertebrates, vertebrates and humans. All of the cycles overlap because there is a continuous flow of aluminium in the cycle. Aluminium is characterised by its relatively short (2-6 yr) residence time in surface seawater Exley (2003). This short residence time can largely be attributed to the elements rapid hydrolysis rate and the extremely low solubility of the hydrolysis products Exley (2003). INTRODUCTION Aluminium is the most abundant metallic elements in the earth crust (8.1wt) and it is very reactive hence it is not found in nature. Aluminium is also presence in many silicate materials which include feldspars, Mica and amphiboles. The atmosphere plays an important role in material transported from land to sea, with dust deposition forming the major geochemical pathway for the delivery of a number of trace elements Bowie et al (2001). The distribution of aluminium in sea water can be explained by both fluvial inputs and Aeolian crust to the open ocean. The surface concentration of aluminium are predominately influenced by Aeolian dust deposition (Maring and Duce, (1987) However in regions were the dust is not significant, the concentration of aluminium are know to be below the 1Nm in surface water. The aluminium cycle is mostly dominated by it biotic cycles due to the relative abundance in humans. The depositions of aluminium in the atmosphere either wet or dry estimate the presence of aluminium in sea water Exley (2003). Construction of the cycle The retention of aluminium in the lithospheric cycle actively favours the concentration of dissolved aluminium that happens in the oceanic cycle fig1. The reason these were used for the modelling is that it actually measured the lithospheric and biogenic cycle of aluminium but does not detail the oceanic cycle of aluminium in a broad sense while on the other hand, Bowie et al (2007) explained the biogeochemical cycle of aluminium in the open waters and how sediments are dissolved from dust and rainfall provided by atmospheric deposition. The idea behind this was to determine the movement of aluminium between the atmosphere, lithosphere and the biosphere. The table was taken from Exley (2003) and Bowie et al (2007). The abundant of elements in the lithosphere and biosphere is expressed in ppm. The lithospheric cycle The retention of aluminium in the lithosphere is actively favoured as the concentration of dissolved aluminium is limited by the mineral phase of decreasing solubility and hence lower free energy Exley (2003). Primary aluminium rich minerals such as feldspar are formed as a result of cooling of magma in the Earths crust and are dissolved from parent rocks by weathering. The additional dissolution of carbonic acid weathering results in the formation of clay like materials such as kaolinite and other secondary mineral phases Exley (2003). High insoluble particulates absorbed by both the minerals and the organic surfaces are returned to the Earths crust through sedimentation and subduction into the magma. This is the continue cycle as illustrated on fig 1 The Biotic cycle This cycle represent the life forms of micro-organism, plant, invertebrates and humans coming together to form a proportion of the total biotic abundance of aluminium in the cycle represented in fig1. All of these cycle overlap with each other to show that aluminium is present in all food chain Exley (2003). The biospheric abundance of aluminium is an estimate and does not reflect the total amount of aluminium in the cycle Exley (2003). Aluminium in the atmosphere The atmosphere plays an important role in material transports of aluminium from land to sea. With dust deposition forming the major geochemical path way for the delivery of aluminium to the remote open waters (fig 1) aluminium is chiefly associated with mineral aerosol. With the atomic weight of 8.1 and particle size class of >1um aluminium has been used as a valuable tracer of Aeolian inputs into the ocean. Between 1.5% and 10% of Al associated with mineral aerosol is predicted to be dissolved in open waters (Maring and Duce, 1987). Aluminium in the lithosphere This is formed from both primary and secondary minerals and colloidal phase which is taken back to the atmosphere through sedimentary processes Fig1. The earth curst has a thickness of 35 to 40 km at the continent. The retentions of aluminium is extremely with 99.999% of cycled aluminium that is left in the lithosphere (REF) Dissolution and precipitation plays an important role in cycling this element and the dissolution in the aqueous phase. The activity of AL+3 in soil and groundwater is controlled by the precipitation and dissolution reactions and this ca be estimated from the PH and the activities of F and S04-2. Ion exchange plays an important role in retention mechanism for aluminium in acid to neutral Ph regimes. The Aluminium occurs in many silicate rock minerals, such as feldspar, feldspathoids, micas and many amphiboles. Aluminium in soil In weathering process, delay weathering of primary minerals leads to the deposition of sedimentary clay minerals example is alumino -silicates kaolinte and mortmorillonites. When soil goes through weather, silicon is lost more rapidly than alunimuim. In sulfate rich environments, aluminium forms sulphate minerals such as alunite. Much solid aluminium has been identified in soils and the most stable which include the hydroxide (gibbsite) and clay mineral. Aluminium level in soil solution is affected by acid precipitation due to the magnitude been higher than the level in a soil solution. The increase level of aluminium are caused by the lowered PH value of acid precipitation and also by the complexes formed by the inorganic and organic ligands. percolation of acid precipitation through the soil tends to dissolved the least stable soil minerals and raise the levels of aluminium significantly in the subsurface runoff, which ultimately finds it way into channel system of a watershed( ref15). Figure 1 -Data taken from Exley (2003) (a); Bowie et al 2007 (b) Aluminium in sediments In general estuaries environment have been observed to trap aluminium elements which is usually present in greater concentrations in river water than in sea water. Sediments near the months of rivers contain amounts of aluminium (Ref 2). Clay is the most common sedimentary aluminium bearing minerals, typically consist of alternating layers of silicon and aluminium. The general absorption of aluminium by soil and soil clays which is affected by soil acidity determines the toxicity of the element in acid soils. Example is that the present of organic matter in soil lower the Ph of the soil solution below neutral , which makes aluminium more soluble.Fulvic and humic acids act as strong agents for aluminium (Ref 9) Aluminium in Natural waters The concentration of aluminium in natural waters depends primarily on pH. Inspite of the fact that aluminium is an abundant element, they rarely occur in natural waters in concentration greater than a few tenth of a milligram per litter as long as the Ph is nearly neutral. The concentration of aluminium in sea water has been reported as 0.01mg/1, probably present as aluminium hydroxide (REF 7). The concentration of aluminium in river water can vary considerably with flow. It readily precipitates in natural water to form particulate or colloidal hydroxide; however under the turbulent conditions of high flow, it can be dissolved from suspended minerals (Ref 14). Aluminium is readily soluble at pH Conclusion The elements extreme insolubility and biogeochemical reactivity results in very low dissolved AL concentration .Although this is due to the removal from the water column. Lithospheric abundance of aluminium is quiet an indication that it is close to the living organism at about 1mm. The biospheric abundance of an element is relative to its lithosphere which shows that geochemical origin with time and also gives more accurate reflections of the mechanisms which dominate the biogeochemical cycling of those elements (ref)